The G14 group - made up of 18 of Europe's most powerful clubs - wants soccer's world governing body to provide insurance and compensation to clubs for players who are injured while representing their countries.
It says FIFA's regulations are an abuse of the body's dominant position.
G14 has also backed Charleroi's fight for financial help after Abdelmajid Oulmers was sidelined for eight months when hurt playing for Morocco.
Oulmers tore ankle ligaments in a friendly against Burkina Faso last November and was out of action for the rest of the campaign.
Charleroi paid for Oulmers' surgery and his salary even though he was unable to play.
However, FIFA refuses to recognise or negotiate with the G14 group
The case officially opened in the Charleroi Commercial Court on Monday, reports BBC Sport.
G14 argues that FIFA's refusal to contribute towards players' salaries - even though clubs lose money when they suffer injuries in international matches - is illegal.
